Justicia liberal: teleología y cosmovisión

The philosophical and economic doctrine of the "Invisible Hand" was formulated by the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790), who is considered one of the greatest exponents of classical economics, as well as the father of political economy. His capital work is The Wealth of Nations. The main thesis of his work is that the key to social welfare lies in economic growth and this is enhanced by an adequate division of labor and competition between free, equal and relatively selfish human beings. Here we analyze how it emerged during Modernity, and even deepening in the last scholastic tracing in Ockham its remote origins, the liberal doctrine of rights and security, in definite accounts, the idea of justice and the worldview that sustains it. In the interregnum of both ages, it is not possible to avoid the convincing fact of the transformation of natural law into positive law and its impact on politics, sociology and economics. This school completes and applies mainly to contemporary economics and social theory with the theoretical outcome on the liberal theory of justice developed by John Rawls, especially between the years 1971-1995. We will dedicate ourselves to these connections and their criticism in what follows.La doctrina filosófica y económica de la “mano invisible” fue formulada por el filósofo escocés Adam Smith (1723-1790), quien es hoy considerado uno de los mayores exponentes de la economía clásica, como así también el padre de la economía política. Su obra capital es La riqueza de las naciones. La tesis principal de su obra es que la clave del bienestar social radica en el crecimiento económico y este se potencia mediante una adecuada división del trabajo y la competencia entre seres humanos libres, iguales y relativamente egoístas. Aquí se analiza cómo ello surgió durante la Modernidad, e incluso profundizando en la escolástica tardía, rastreando en Ockham sus remotos orígenes, la doctrina liberal de los derechos y de la seguridad; en definidas cuentas, la idea de justicia y la cosmovisión que la sostiene. En el interregno de ambas épocas no es posible eludir el hecho contundente de la transformación del derecho natural en derecho positivo y su impacto en la política, la sociología y la economía. Esta escuela se completa y aplica mayormente a la economía y la teoría social contemporáneas con el desenlace teórico sobre la teoría liberal de la justicia que desarrolló John Rawls, especialmente entre los años 1971-1995. A estas conexiones y su crítica nos dedicaremos en lo que sigue

COVID-19 and behavioral addictions: worrying consequences?

On March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The health measures implemented by the governments of all countries were strict, to prevent the virus from spreading out of control. The results of these measures and the situation resulting from the health crisis had an impact not only on the physical health of individuals, but also on their habits, mental health (Constanza et al., 2020; Baenas et al., 2020) and cognitive impairment (Montejo et al., 2021) Moreover, the impact of stress, isolation, boredom and lack of activity and stimuli on substance use, as well as on other addictive behaviors, such as gambling, video games or pornography viewing is widely known (Király et al., 2020). In addition, for many people, these restrictions meant a reduction in their economic income, loss of employment, and significant concern as well as uncertainties for their families' jobs and financial future. This situation raised alarms from governments, especially in relation to gambling activity (Gainsbury et al., 2021)

Network for blood pressure research in children and adolescents (COST Action CA 19115)

High blood pressure is a clearly established modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. Although most of its adverse effects develop in adulthood, it has become clear that high BP is a lifelong problem that can manifest early in life. While few would dispute the importance of taking effective steps to identify and manage this condition in middle-aged and elderly individuals, relatively little attention has been paid to the problem of high BP in children and adolescents. Therefore,the development of actions focused on early childhood, childhood and adolescence and the investigation of the underlying causes of this epidemic are of utmost importance. There is a pressing need for comprehensive pan-European action to increase the knowledge on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents, the current scarcity of which impedes the development of consensus across different research fields and hinders efforts to introduce changes in clinical practice. There are some aspects that demand urgent action: the definition of hypertension, the prevalence of high BP in Europe, accurate measurement for early identification, the assessment of hypertension-mediated organ damage and the development and implementation of prevention strategies. In order to provide answers to all of these unanswered questions and challenges, a multidisciplinary network was established, maintained and funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology(COST) Association. COST is a funding organization for the creation of research networks known as COST Actions. In this case, the network will promote coordinated and collaborative activities on personalized preventive measures for children and adolescents across Europe. © 2021 Published by Elsevier Espana'-

Editorial : Neurological, psychological and endocrine markers of eating disorders and obesity

Altres ajuts: Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2019I47 and 2021I031

Gambling-Like Day Trading During the COVID-19 Pandemic – Need for Research on a Pandemic-Related Risk of Indebtedness and Mental Health Impact

Stock exchange trading increasingly has been highlighted as a possible cause of gambling disorder, typically in rapid and excessive "day trading" which may cause over-indebtedness and mental health problems. The COVID-19 pandemic has been suspected to increase online gambling and gambling problems. In a number of recent media reports, day trading has been reported to increase during COVID-19, possibly in relation to changes in everyday life, financial problems and job insecurity during the pandemic. Increasing day trading has thereby been suspected to cause addictive behavior, financial difficulties, and poor mental health. However, there is hitherto a lack of research in the area. The present paper addresses the potential for day trading to cause problem gambling, debts and mental health problems, and calls for research and clinical guidelines in problem gambling related to stock market behavior as a problematic gambling behavior. Screening tools, awareness among clinicians, and longitudinal research studies may be warranted, both during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

Sustainable Propousal Management of Araucaria araucana (Mol. C. Koch)

The response of an Araucaria araucana forest, located at Cunco County, Ninth Region of Chile, was studied by applying a method that determines the cut allowable through the marginal analysis of volume and diameter class movement, with the aim of regulating forest. Following the method, a minimum diameter for harvesting of 110 cm and a harvest cycle of 37 years was established as suitable for ensuring the resource sustainability, preserving the forest capital, and keeping the structure and floral composition unchanged. Mediation may be considered using selective, sanitary, and silvicultural harvesting.Fue estudiado el comportamiento de un bosque de Araucaria auraucana, localizado en la comuna de Cunco, IX Región de la Araucanía, Chile, mediante la aplicación de un método que determina la posibilidad de corta a través del análisis marginal del volumen y movimiento de clases diamétricas, con el objetivo de regular la masa boscosa. De acuerdo a este método se estableció un diámetro mínimo de corta igual a 110 cm y un ciclo de corta de 37 años, que asegura la sustentabilidad del recurso, conservando el capital vuelo, manteniendo inalterada la estructura y composición florística, mediante el uso de cortas selectivas, sanitarias y silvícolas

Caracterización del material forestal de reproducción de cinco procedencias de Nothofagus alessandrii Espinosa, una especie en peligro de extinción

Nothofagus alessandrii es una especie endémica de la zona mesomórfica de Chile que se encuentra en peligro de extinción y de la cual existe aún información insuficiente respecto de las diferencias entre sus poblaciones. Por ello, en este trabajo se analizan y caracterizan parámetros cualitativos y cuantitativos del material germinativo y el comportamiento en vivero de cinco procedencias representativas del área de distribución natural de la especie. Se colectaron semillas de estas procedencias en febrero 2000 y se determinó su tamaño, forma, peso y capacidad germinativa. En septiembre del mismo año se cultivaron plantas en vivero y se evaluó su crecimiento diametral y en altura. Los resultados indican que el tamaño de las semillas es, en general, homogéneo y solo se observan diferencias estadísticas en la longitud de las dímeras y ancho de las trímeras. El peso de 1000 semillas y la capacidad germinativa varió significativamente entre las procedencias. El desarrollo de las plantas en vivero fue homogéneo y no hubo diferencias en el diámetro de cuello de la raíz ni en la altura que alcanzaron las plantas después de una temporada de cultivo. N. alessandrii tiene un comportamiento diferente al de otras especies del mismo género, sin que se observe una variación de tipo clinal. Sin embargo, la procedencia más austral tiende a diferenciarse de las otras y, probablemente, corresponda a un ecotipo diferente.Nothofagus alessandrii is an endemic and endangered species from the mesomorphic zone of Chile. Currently, differences across populations are not well known. To this end, quantitative and qualitative parameters pertaining to germinative material and nursery performance of seedlings from five provenances representing the natural distribution of the species were analyzed and characterized. Seeds were collected in February 2000 and size, form, weight, and germination capacity were determined. Seedlings were then cultivated in nursery in September of the same year, and basal diameter and height growth were quantified. Results indicate that seed size is generally homogeneous across sites, and statistical differences were limited to length of dimerous seeds and width of trimerous seeds. Seed weight and germination capacity varied significantly among the provenances. After one cultivation season, the development of the nursery plants was homogenous across provenances, with no differences in basal diameter or height. N. alessandrii differs, in relation to the variation among the studied provenances, from that of other species of the same genus, with the exception of a pronounced clinal type. However, the southernmost provenance tended, in general, to differ from the other ones and likely represents a different ecotype.Nothofagus alessandrii é uma espécie endêmica da zona mesomórfica do Chile que se encontra em perigo de extinção e da qual existe ainda informação insuficiente em relação às diferenças entre suas populações. Por isto, neste trabalho se analisam e caracterizam parâmetros qualitativos e quantitativos do material germinativo e o comportamento em viveiro de cinco procedências representativas da área de distribuição natural da espécie. Recolheram-se sementes destas procedências em fevereiro de 2000 e se determinou seu tamanho, forma, peso e capacidade germinativa. Em setembro do mesmo ano se cultivaram plantas em viveiro e se avaliou seu crescimento diametral e em altura. Os resultados indicam que o tamanho das sementes é, em geral, homogêneo e somente se observam diferenças estatísticas no comprimento das dímeras e largura das trímeras. O peso de 1.000 sementes e a capacidade germinativa variou significativamente em relação às procedências. O desenvolvimento das plantas em viveiro foi homogêneo e não houve diferenças no diâmetro do colo da raíz nem na altura que alcançaram as plantas depois de uma temporada de cultivo. N. alessandrii tem um comportamento diferente ao de outras espécies do mesmo gênero, sem que se observe uma variação do tipo clinal. No entanto, a procedência mais austral tende a diferenciar-se das outras e, provavelmente, corresponda a um ecótipo diferent